Deploying A Rails App Mac

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Deploying Rails takes you on a expertly guided tour of the current best practices in Rails deployment and management. You'll find in-depth explanations on effectively running a Rails app by leveraging popular open source tools such as Puppet, Capistrano, and Vagrant. If you prefer not to use the Traveller app and don't have another app in mind, you can follow the instructions below for creating a brand new Rails app to demonstrate deployment. A note about installing packages. In this course, we'll assume you are working with a Mac OS operating system, and using the Homebrew package management system.

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npm run build creates a build directory with a production build of your app. Set up your favorite HTTP server so that a visitor to your site is served index.html, and requests to static paths like /static/js/main.<hash>.js are served with the contents of the /static/js/main.<hash>.js file. For more information see the production build section.

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#Static Server

For environments using Node, the easiest way to handle this would be to install serve and let it handle the rest:

The last command shown above will serve your static site on the port 5000. Like many of serve’s internal settings, the port can be adjusted using the -l or --listen flags:

Run this command to get a full list of the options available:

#Other Solutions

You don’t necessarily need a static server in order to run a Create React App project in production. It also works well when integrated into an existing server side app.

Here’s a programmatic example using Node and Express:

The choice of your server software isn’t important either. Since Create React App is completely platform-agnostic, there’s no need to explicitly use Node.

The build folder with static assets is the only output produced by Create React App.

However this is not quite enough if you use client-side routing. Read the next section if you want to support URLs like /todos/42 in your single-page app.

#Serving Apps with Client-Side Routing

If you use routers that use the HTML5 pushState history API under the hood (for example, React Router with browserHistory), many static file servers will fail. For example, if you used React Router with a route for /todos/42, the development server will respond to localhost:3000/todos/42 properly, but an Express serving a production build as above will not.

This is because when there is a fresh page load for a /todos/42, the server looks for the file build/todos/42 and does not find it. The server needs to be configured to respond to a request to /todos/42 by serving index.html. For example, we can amend our Express example above to serve index.html for any unknown paths:

If you’re using Apache HTTP Server, you need to create a .htaccess file in the public folder that looks like this:

It will get copied to the build folder when you run npm run build.

If you’re using Apache Tomcat, you need to follow this Stack Overflow answer.

Now requests to /todos/42 will be handled correctly both in development and in production.

On a production build, and when you've opted-in,a service worker will automatically handle all navigation requests, like for/todos/42, by serving the cached copy of your index.html. Thisservice worker navigation routing can be configured or disabled byejecting and then modifying thenavigateFallbackand navigateFallbackWhitelistoptions of the SWPrecachePluginconfiguration.

When users install your app to the homescreen of their device the default configuration will make a shortcut to /index.html. This may not work for client-side routers which expect the app to be served from /. Edit the web app manifest at public/manifest.json and change start_url to match the required URL scheme, for example:

#Building for Relative Paths

By default, Create React App produces a build assuming your app is hosted at the server root.

To override this, specify the homepage in your package.json, for example:

This will let Create React App correctly infer the root path to use in the generated HTML file.

Note: If you are using [email protected]^4, you can root <Link>s using the basename prop on any <Router>.

More information here.

For example:

#Serving the Same Build from Different Paths

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher.

If you are not using the HTML5 pushState history API or not using client-side routing at all, it is unnecessary to specify the URL from which your app will be served. Instead, you can put this in your package.json:

This will make sure that all the asset paths are relative to index.html. You will then be able to move your app from http://mywebsite.com to http://mywebsite.com/relativepath or even http://mywebsite.com/relative/path without having to rebuild it.

#Customizing Environment Variables for Arbitrary Build Environments

You can create an arbitrary build environment by creating a custom .env file and loading it using env-cmd.

For example, to create a build environment for a staging environment:

Create a file called .env.staging
Set environment variables as you would any other .env file (e.g. REACT_APP_API_URL=http://api-staging.example.com)
Install env-cmd
Add a new script to your package.json, building with your new environment:

Now you can run npm run build:staging to build with the staging environment config.You can specify other environments in the same way.

Variables in .env.production will be used as fallback because NODE_ENV will always be set to production for a build.

The AWS Amplify Console provides continuous deployment and hosting for modern web apps (single page apps and static site generators) with serverless backends. The Amplify Console offers globally available CDNs, custom domain setup, feature branch deployments, and password protection.

Login to the Amplify Console here.
Connect your Create React App repo and pick a branch. If you're looking for a Create React App+Amplify starter, try the create-react-app-auth-amplify starter that demonstrates setting up auth in 10 minutes with Create React App.
The Amplify Console automatically detects the build settings. Choose Next.
Choose Save and deploy.

If the build succeeds, the app is deployed and hosted on a global CDN with an amplifyapp.com domain. You can now continuously deploy changes to your frontend or backend. Continuous deployment allows developers to deploy updates to their frontend and backend on every code commit to their Git repository.

See this blog post on how to deploy your React app to Microsoft Azure.

See this blog post or this repo for a way to use automatic deployment to Azure App Service.

Install the Firebase CLI if you haven’t already by running npm install -g firebase-tools. Sign up for a Firebase account and create a new project. Run firebase login and login with your previous created Firebase account.

Then run the firebase init command from your project’s root. You need to choose the Hosting: Configure and deploy Firebase Hosting sites and choose the Firebase project you created in the previous step. You will need to agree with database.rules.json being created, choose build as the public directory, and also agree to Configure as a single-page app by replying with y.

IMPORTANT: you need to set proper HTTP caching headers for service-worker.js file in firebase.json file or you will not be able to see changes after first deployment (issue #2440). It should be added inside 'hosting' key like next:

Now, after you create a production build with npm run build, you can deploy it by running firebase deploy.

For more information see Firebase Hosting.

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher.

#Step 1: Add `homepage` to `package.json`

The step below is important!

If you skip it, your app will not deploy correctly.

Open your package.json and add a homepage field for your project:

or for a GitHub user page:

or for a custom domain page:

Create React App uses the homepage field to determine the root URL in the built HTML file.

#Step 2: Install `gh-pages` and add `deploy` to `scripts` in `package.json`

Now, whenever you run npm run build, you will see a cheat sheet with instructions on how to deploy to GitHub Pages.

To publish it at https://myusername.github.io/my-app, run:

Alternatively you may use yarn:

Add the following scripts in your package.json:

The predeploy script will run automatically before deploy is run.

If you are deploying to a GitHub user page instead of a project page you'll need to make oneadditional modification:

Tweak your package.json scripts to push deployments to master:

#Step 3: Deploy the site by running `npm run deploy`

Then run:

#Step 4: For a project page, ensure your project’s settings use `gh-pages`

Finally, make sure GitHub Pages option in your GitHub project settings is set to use the gh-pages branch:

#Step 5: Optionally, configure the domain

You can configure a custom domain with GitHub Pages by adding a CNAME file to the public/ folder.

Your CNAME file should look like this:

#Notes on client-side routing

GitHub Pages doesn’t support routers that use the HTML5 pushState history API under the hood (for example, React Router using browserHistory). This is because when there is a fresh page load for a url like http://user.github.io/todomvc/todos/42, where /todos/42 is a frontend route, the GitHub Pages server returns 404 because it knows nothing of /todos/42. If you want to add a router to a project hosted on GitHub Pages, here are a couple of solutions:

You could switch from using HTML5 history API to routing with hashes. If you use React Router, you can switch to hashHistory for this effect, but the URL will be longer and more verbose (for example, http://user.github.io/todomvc/#/todos/42?_k=yknaj). Read more about different history implementations in React Router.
Alternatively, you can use a trick to teach GitHub Pages to handle 404s by redirecting to your index.html page with a custom redirect parameter. You would need to add a 404.html file with the redirection code to the build folder before deploying your project, and you’ll need to add code handling the redirect parameter to index.html. You can find a detailed explanation of this technique in this guide.

#Troubleshooting

#'/dev/tty: No such a device or address'

If, when deploying, you get /dev/tty: No such a device or address or a similar error, try the following:

Create a new Personal Access Token
git remote set-url origin https://<user>:<token>@github.com/<user>/<repo> .
Try npm run deploy again

#'Cannot read property 'email' of null'

If, when deploying, you get Cannot read property 'email' of null, try the following:

git config --global user.name '<your_name>'
git config --global user.email '<your_email>'
Try npm run deploy again

Use the Heroku Buildpack for Create React App.

You can find instructions in Deploying React with Zero Configuration.

#Resolving Heroku Deployment Errors

Sometimes npm run build works locally but fails during deploy via Heroku. Following are the most common cases.

#'Module not found: Error: Cannot resolve 'file' or 'directory'

If you get something like this:

It means you need to ensure that the lettercase of the file or directory you import matches the one you see on your filesystem or on GitHub.

This is important because Linux (the operating system used by Heroku) is case sensitive. So MyDirectory and mydirectory are two distinct directories and thus, even though the project builds locally, the difference in case breaks the import statements on Heroku remotes.

#'Could not find a required file.'

If you exclude or ignore necessary files from the package you will see a error similar this one:

In this case, ensure that the file is there with the proper lettercase and that’s not ignored on your local .gitignore or ~/.gitignore_global.

To do a manual deploy to Netlify’s CDN:

Choose build as the path to deploy.

To setup continuous delivery:

With this setup Netlify will build and deploy when you push to git or open a pull request:

Pick your Git hosting service and select your repository
Click Build your site

Support for client-side routing:

To support pushState, make sure to create a public/_redirects file with the following rewrite rules:

When you build the project, Create React App will place the public folder contents into the build output.

ZEIT Now is a cloud platform for websites and serverless APIs, that you can use to deploy your Create React App projects to your personal domain (or a free .now.sh suffixed URL).

This guide will show you how to get started in a few quick steps:

#Step 1: Installing Now CLI

To install their command-line interface with npm, run the following command:

#Step 2: Deploying

You can deploy your application by running the following command in the root of the project directory:

Alternatively, you can also use their integration for GitHub or GitLab.

That’s all!

Your site will now deploy, and you will receive a link similar to the following: https://react.now-examples.now.sh

Out of the box, you are preconfigured for client-side routing compatibility and appropriate default caching headers. This behaviour can be overwritten like this.

Render offers free static site hosting with fully managed SSL, a global CDN and continuous auto deploys from GitHub.

Deploy your app in only a few minutes by following the Create React App deployment guide.

Use invite code cra to sign up or use this link.

#S3 and CloudFront

See this blog post on how to deploy your React app to Amazon Web Services S3 and CloudFront. If you are looking to add a custom domain, HTTPS and continuous deployment see this blog post.

Install the Surge CLI if you haven’t already by running npm install -g surge. Run the surge command and log in you or create a new account.

When asked about the project path, make sure to specify the build folder, for example: Lexmark x9575 drivers.

Note that in order to support routers that use HTML5 pushState API, you may want to rename the index.html in your build folder to 200.html before deploying to Surge. This ensures that every URL falls back to that file.

Deploying A Rails App Mac 2017

#Publishing Components To npm

Create React App doesn't provide any built-in functionality to publish a component to npm. If you're ready to extract a component from your project so other people can use it, we recommend moving it to a separate directory outside of your project and then using a tool like nwb to prepare it for publishing.

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Tutorial

Introduction

Congratulations are in order. Your web-site is gaining traction and you are growing rapidly. Ruby is your programming language of choice and Rails? Your go-to framework. Now you are reaping the benefits of your efforts and sharing the joy of your happy clients thanks to your wonderful app.

However, you are starting to worry in the face of a new challenge: accommodating your ever-increasing number of guests (i.e. scaling).

Despite the controversy on the subject, even if you are running an extremely busy web-site (powered by Ruby and Rails), you can continue to serve your clients in a timely fashion. The key to achieve this is by scaling your application, or in other terms, distributing its load across multiple droplets geared to handle this precise tasks and nothing else.

In this DigitalOcean article we are going to see how to simply scale Ruby on Rails applications horizontally, distributing its load across multiple machines running on Unicorn all carefully set up behind a master load balancer running Nginx HTTP server, tasked with welcoming and handling the incoming requests and balancing the load.

<b>This tutorial covers distributing your app to multiple servers. However, in order to fully deploy your app, you’ll need to set it up with a database. The next articles in these series cover connecting your servers to a MySQL or PostgreSQL database. </b>

Glossary

1. Scalable Application Deployment

Unicorn Application Server
Nginx HTTP Server / Reverse-Proxy / Load-Balancer
Our Deployment Preparation Process
Final Architecture

2. Preparing The Servers And The Operating-System

3. Setting Up Application Servers

Setting Up Ruby Environment
Setting Up Rails
Installing Unicorn
Creating A Sample Rails Application
Configuring Unicorn
Running Unicorn
Finding Server’s IP Address To Configure Nginx

4. Setting Up Nginx As Reverse-Proxy And Load-Balancer

Setting Up Nginx
Configuring Nginx

Scalable Application Deployment

Deploying applications, or publishing them online, can technically mean different things and the process itself can take place at different levels. Previously, we have covered multiple ways of deploying Rails applications, using different servers (i.e. Unicorn and Passenger), and even seen how to automate the process using different tools for the job (e.g. Capistrano and Mina).

In order to have a [simply] scalable architecture, we are going to divide our deployment structure into two main elements:

Application Servers (Unicorn/Rails)
Front-facing HTTP Server / Load Balancer (Nginx)

The main reason for our preference towards the Unicorn application server is for its advanced functionality and the simple way it can be implemented – and maintained, as well.

The ever-so-popular Nginx HTTP server and reverse-proxy will be our load-balancer, tasked with distributing the load across Unicorn based application servers.

Therefore, we will cover two distinct areas separately.

Preparing (and deploying) Rails application servers running Unicorn.
Preparing an Nginx based front-facing, load-balancing reverse-proxy to distribute the load across Unicorn(s).

Similar to our previous manuals and articles, we’ll continue to use the latest available version of CentOS operating-system for its design choices which are perfectly aligned with our goal of simplicity and stability.

Note: As you make your way through this article, you will see links for others which discuss certain subjects further in depth. If you would like to learn more about them, consider checking them out.

Unicorn Application Server

Unicorn is a remarkable application server that contains Rails applications to process the incoming requests. These application servers will only deal with requests that need processing, after having them filtered and pre-processed by front-facing Nginx server(s), working as a load-balancer.

As a very mature web application server, Unicorn is absolutely fully-featured. It denies by design trying to do everything and only handles what needs to be done by a web application and it delegates the rest of the responsibilities to the operating system (i.e. juggling processes).

Unicorn’s master process spawns workers to serve the requests. This process also monitors the workers in order to prevent memory and process related staggering issues. What this means for system administrators is that it will kill a process if, for example, it ends up taking too much time to complete a task or in case memory issues occur.

Note: To learn about different Ruby web-application servers and understand what Rack is, check out our article A Comparison of (Rack) Web Servers for Ruby Web Applications.

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Nginx HTTP Server / Reverse-Proxy / Load-Balancer

Nginx HTTP server, is designed from ground up to act as a multi-purpose, front-facing web server. It is capable of serving static files (e.g. images, text files etc.) extremely well, balance connections and deal with certain exploits attempts. It will act as the first entry point of all requests, and it is going to distribute them, to be processed, web-application servers running Unicorn.

Our Deployment Preparation Process

Deploying A Rails App Machine

Starting with the following section, we will perform the following procedures to prepare our distributed, load-balanced application deployment set-up.

Update the operating system [*]
Get the necessary basic tools for deployment [*]
Install Ruby, Rails and libraries
Install Application (i.e. Unicorn) and HTTP server (Nginx)
Configure Nginx to distribute the load on TCP

Note: Marked items on the list are procedures that will need to be performed on all provisioned servers, regardless of their designated role as an application server or a load-balancer.

Final Architecture

Below is an example of what our final architecture will look like for distributing the load across droplets and scaling horizontally.

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Preparing The Servers And The Operating-System

We will begin creating our set-up with preparing all the servers that will run Unicorn or Nginx.

In order to install Ruby and the other necessary application (e.g. our servers), we need to first prepare the minimally shipped CentOS droplet and equip it with some development tools that we are going to need.

Run the following command to update the default tools of your CentOS based droplet:

Install the application bundle containing several development tools by executing the following command:

Some of the packages we need for this tutorial (e.g. libyaml-devel, nginx etc.) are not found within the official CentOS repository. To simplify things and not to deal with manually installing them, we will add the EPEL software repository for YUM package manager to use.

Finally, we need to get curl-devel and several other tools and libraries for this tutorial (e.g. Rails needs sqlite-devel).

In order to install them, run the following:

Setting Up Application Servers

In this step, we will prepare the server(s) that will be running the Rails on Unicorn application server.

Let’s begin with getting Ruby and Rails ready.

Setting Up Ruby Environment

Note: This section is a summary of our dedicated article How To Install Ruby 2.1.0 On CentOS 6.5.

Note: You will need to perform the instructions from the previous section, together with the following, on all your application servers. At bare minimum, you need one application server to deploy your app. In order to balance the load, provision more droplets and repeat these steps.

We are going to be using Ruby Version Manager (RVM) to download and install a Ruby interpreter.

Run the following two commands to install RVM and create a system environment for Ruby:

Finally, to finish installing Ruby on our system, let’s get RVM to download and install Ruby version 2.1.0:

Setting Up Rails

Since Rails needs first and foremost a JavaScript interpreter to work, we will also need to set up Node.js. For this purpose, we will be using the default system package manager YUM.

Run the following to download and install nodejs using yum:

Execute the following command to download and install rails using gem:

Installing Unicorn

There are a couple of ways to easily download Unicorn. Since it is an application-related dependency, the most logical way is to use RubyGems.

Run the following to download and install Unicorn using gem:

Note: We will see how to work with this tool in the next sections.

Creating A Sample Rails Application

Note: For our example to work, we are now going to create a basic Rails application. In order to run yours, you will need to upload your application source instead.

Deploying A Rails App Mac Free

### Uploading Your Source Code

For the actual deployment, you will, of course, want to upload your code base to the server. For this purpose, you can either use SFTP or a graphical tool, such as FileZilla, to transfer and manage remote files securely. Likewise, you can use Git and a central repository such as Github to download and set up your code.

To learn about working with SFTP, check out the article: How To Use SFTP.

To learn about FileZilla, check out the article on the subject: How To Use FileZilla.

Let’s begin with creating a very basic Rails application inside our home directory to serve with Unicorn.

Execute the following command to get Rails to create a new application called my_app:

To test that your application is set correctly and everything is working fine, enter the app directory and run a simple server with rails s:

Configuring Unicorn

Unicorn can be configured a number of ways. For this tutorial, focusing on the key elements, we will create a file from scratch which is going to be used by Unicorn when starting the application server daemon process.

Open up a blank unicorn.rb document, which will be saved inside config/ directory using the nano text editor:

Place the below block of code, modifying it as necessary:

Save and exit by pressing CTRL+X and confirming with Y.

Note: To simply test your application with Unicorn, you can run unicorn_rails inside the application directory.

Note: To learn more about configuring Unicorn, check out its official documentation page here.

Running Unicorn

We are ready to run our application using Unicorn.

Run the following to start Unicorn in daemon mode using the our configuration file (config/unicorn.rb):

Finding Server’s IP Address To Configure Nginx

Let’s find our virtual server’s private network / private IP address.

Run the following to reveal the private IP address of the server:

Sample output:

Second bit of information here, starting with eth1 and continuing with inet adde: reveals the private IP address assigned to our server, which is 10.128.241.135 in our case.

We are going to use this IP address to have Nginx communicate with our application server.

Note this address and continue to the next step to set-up and configure Nginx.

Note: To learn more about private networking on DigitalOcean, check out How To Set Up And Use DigitalOcean Private Networking tutorial on the community articles section.

Setting Up Nginx As Reverse-Proxy And Load-Balancer

In this section, we are going to work on our front-facing server and set up Nginx to welcome incoming requests and balance the load across application servers.

Setting Up Nginx

Since we have the EPEL repository enabled, it is possible to get Nginx using yum.

Run the following to download and install Nginx using yum:

Configuring Nginx

After having Nginx installed, the next step is working with its configuration file, nginx.conf, located at /etc/nginx by default.

Execute the below command to start editing this file using the nano text editor:

Scroll down below the file and comment out the following line:

Inside http { node, add the following configurations, modifying them to suit your own set-up: